Military of China, force comment.
Military of China, force comment.

Data Figure: Japan Self-Defense Force soldiers guarding the Patriot air defense missiles next to the Source: Oriental ic

” Patriot Advanced Capability -3 “(PAC-3) missile system , Lockheed Martin ? In the “Patriot” PAC-2 system, based on improved fire control system and through the installation of new PAC-3 missile from a new air defense system, the United States currently stepping up development of the TMD system, one of the major, major defense short-range and medium-range ballistic missiles, cruise missiles and aerodynamic targets (such as fixed-wing and rotary wing aircraft), mainly by the kinetic energy interceptor developed new and improved radar and command, control system components.

development background

the past 10 years, anti-aircraft missiles to reduce the scale of production has not developed a new air defense missile systems, processes have little impact, on the contrary, Instead, a variety of anti-missile system in the accelerated development of the current, non-strategic part of the anti-missile system, anti-tactical ballistic missile defense system has become the priority development objectives. Anti-tactical ballistic missiles, first attracted worldwide attention, the most famous project is the 1980s, the U.S. response to anti-missile air defense missile systems increasing the strength of the trend started to develop the “Patriot” PAC-2 air defense missile system to protect against tactical ballistic missiles. Autumn 1990, these systems are deployed to the Middle East, to protection against Saudi Arabia and Israel from Iraq’s air and missile attacks. At that time, Iraq has 819 “Scud” type and the war on improved “Hussein”, “Abbas” tactical ballistic missiles (range 600-900 km). Iraqi tactical ballistic missile system with the equipment against the process, conducted a total of 93 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel 43 times, 50 times for Saudi Arabia, against the results show that the coalition forces in a comprehensive air defense missile systems under the wind, actual statistics on the “Patriot “extremely detrimental to the system. February 1992, Army spokesman announced that “Patriot” missile successfully intercepted in Israel was 50%, 40-70% in Saudi Arabia, destroying at least 50 “Scud” missiles, then through continuous verification , 1993, the actual interception success rate greatly reduced the number dropped to 24, and finally found a very accurate number of blocking only 10 times. U.S. Congress statistics department also announced a similar statistical results, finds that during the Gulf War, the “Patriot” air defense missile system on the “Scud” interception success rate of 9%. However, this figure is not the lowest in the winter of 1994, some Israeli officials, including former Defense Minister Arens and anti-air force commander of the Somme Long confirmed that the U.S. “Patriot” missiles Iraq fired at Israel “Scud” missile interception, the only completely successful intercept the exact time.

during the Gulf War, the U.S. military launched a total of 158 “Patriot” PAC-2 air defense missiles, 86 for the block of “Scud” tactical ballistic missiles as a result, 50 hit, “Scud “missile re-entry burned off when the missile fragments, 22 hits a false target, there are a few pieces of completely frustrated, because the Iraqi tactical ballistic missile did not launch. February 16, 1991, the Saudi port of Jubail was a “Scud” missile attacks, missile fell into about 150 meters away from the pier at the harbor, the same day, the pier moored eight transport ammunition, fuel and food ships, 5000 155-mm artillery ammunition storage, protection Jubail Port “Patriot” missile with ongoing technical maintenance, failed to intercept. In fact, the Iraqi missile hit a low accuracy “save” the coalition forces, cities, air bases and ports from greater losses. From the Persian Gulf War lessons learned in post-war “patriots” the basis for continuous improvement system. In 1992, the U.S. military began to improve, “Patriot” system, these improvements are in the PAC-3 within the framework of the project.

development process

1995 年, РАС-3 Ⅰ type of program is completed, using a new processing system, which greatly improved radar performance, situation monitoring stations and Information and Coordination Centre has been improved at the same time, “Patriot” air defense missile system began equipped type GЕМ missiles, fast-acting fuse assembly of the missile warhead and a new guidance device, the target range to 150-160 km destruction. In 1996, PAC-3 Ⅱ type of improvement program is completed, the program has improved support system, radar stealth targets small and increase capacity, while reducing the anti-radiation missiles and carrier aircraft attack the system efficiency. 2000, PAC-3 Ⅲ type of improvement project is completed, using a series of new radio-electronic components, improving the performance of procedural safeguards, improved radar tactical ballistic missile launch early warning capability and ability to judge the impact point, with the prospect of high-altitude theater missile defense Defense conjugate, launcher has been further improved, in 30 kilometers away from the command post deployment. The main features of this program is to use the PAC-3 (ERINT-1) new high-mobility, high-precision missile, self-assembly of active radar missile head, but the range is relatively short, high shot only 15-20 km, the main advantage is to use ” Patriot “PAC-2 system, improved launcher, due to the reduced size and weight of the new missile, a missile launcher assembly 3-fold increase in the number of transport box can carry four launch PAC-3 missile (previously a MIM-104 missiles), and to achieve the PAC-3 anti-aircraft missile launchers and missiles the best configuration, in order to improve cost-efficiency indicators. However, in February-May 2002 battle between the four trials, have not been successful. In addition, the U.S. military plans to expand the PAC-3 missiles for medium-range air defense systems (МЕАDS) in. The summer of 2003, is responsible for air defense missile system developed by the task МЕАDS international companies successfully completed in Italy shows light emission device and test tasks, this launcher can be quickly completed 12 PAC-3 missile launch preparation, and then loading, vertical launch task able to use the C-130 transport, the U.S. military plans to begin the year 2004, a large-scale development work, in 2012 the armed forces.

technical performance

PAC-3 program is the future of the United States as a land-based theater missile defense system double low-level defense system. The system used three missiles: PAC-3/1, PAC-3/2 and PAC-3/3.

first PAC-2 system is still used by the “Patriot” missiles, to improve performance by continuing to improve both the PAC-2 GEM Enhanced Guided PAC-3/1,1995 years about the troops 350; the bombs on mounted on PAC-2 “Patriot” missiles, low-noise receiver front-end has been improved, and the fuse side view was modified to look ahead even further. Phased array radar on the ground to increase the pulse Doppler processor, able to distinguish the cruise missiles in clutter.

second PAC-3/2 type, mainly to deal with the development of stealth aircraft, PAC-3/2 missiles PAC-3/1 of the extended model rocket engines (plus about 76cm), missile with a range of PAC-1 twice previously, the maximum range of air targets than 160 km, 40 km to the ballistic target. Maximum speed of Mach 6 (six times the speed of sound), PAC-3/2 is considered to be obsolete abandoned semi-active radar-guided + TVM last paragraph of the amendment to the last paragraph of the whole semi-active radar active radar-guided + dual-mode seeker by seeker switch targets and improved stealth ballistic ability to respond. The missile in service in 1998.

third is by Lockheed Martin ? kinetic kill interceptor missile developed by the PAC-3/3, PAC-3/3 missile seeker will be accurate and agile missile with the Together, the world’s first kinetic energy weapons, has a strong mobility, resist that overload of 100G, dedicated to missile defense, can also be used for high-speed interceptor missile sites attacked anti-radiation missile. PAC-3/3 interceptor missile from the one solid rocket booster, guidance equipment, radar seekers, attitude control and motor control systems and anti-enhancer and other components. It does not warhead, airframe than the PAC-3/2 smaller, and weights 320kg, playing long 4.8m, diameter bomb 0.265m, the booster rocket shut down after the weight of 140kg. Warhead and booster rockets are not separated in flight, always keep a whole. The goal of operational ballistic missile from the 30-40km, operational altitude of 15-20km, the maximum flight speed of Mach 6-7, the use of C-band semi-active + Ka-band full-active radar guidance. PAC-3/3 missile that can deal with a range up to 1000km of the most difficult tactical ballistic missiles and chemical bullet and other weapons of mass destruction. Meanwhile, Raytheon is also the original phased-array radar to improve, so that the average power increased twice. This also generates more magnitude and angle control radar waveforms. With the new classification, to distinguish and identify improvements in technology, “Patriot” will be able to capture a smaller target, and to distinguish from decoys and debris out of the warhead. In addition, the distribution of points can launcher away from the radar, the distance is the PAC-3/1 to 3 times. 5 after deployment of radar-based software can perform all the improvements will enable the “Patriot” missile launch sites to identify and send it to the theater commander. “Patriot” will take a new waveform, can be “Automatic target classification.”

operational use

compared with the PAC-2, PAC-3 made significant improvements, the use of phased array antenna radar and homing guidance. high precision, range is much shorter than the PAC-2, has eight missile launchers, but the quality is much light, expanded the scope of defense several times. PAC-3 anti-warhead using collision, the collision destruction warheads ? Lockheed Martin developed long interceptor (ERINT), ERINT in 1993 and 1994 after being selected as a demonstration PAC-3. Be noted that, ERINT prototype uses the collision destruction warheads containing 38 pressurized containers, each container that has the chemical gas, chemical gas auto emissions after the collision. In the future, PAC-3 gas warheads with chemical warheads may also be used kinetic warhead.

a “Patriot” missile launcher with a total of 8, the Ministry can only be installed in a single 4 “” Patriot, “” missile launch vehicle can carry 16 PAC-3/3 interceptor missile , only three of them used to launch improvements to PAC-3 missiles. In this way, a “Patriot” missile can according to different target types, launch different “Patriot” missiles: PAC-2 missiles, GEM missiles, PAC-3 missile, three deal with a range of 500,600,1000 km respectively the incoming missile.

actual performance

2002 winter, the United States preparing to launch the Iraq war, Saddam Hussein, the Near East early in the deployment of the two latest “patriotic who “missile defense system: РAC-2 + (using GEM + missiles), PAC-3 (using ERINT-1 missile), in order to fully protect the tactical warheads on missiles, manned aircraft, unmanned aerial vehicles counterattack mission. However, in the spring of 2003 the outbreak of the war in Iraq, the “Patriot” missile system has not been fully exploited, the use of low intensity, far below the 1991 level, according to U.S. military sources, various types of “Patriot” air defense missile system shot down a total of nine goals, mainly a range of about 150 km, “Al Samoud 2″ tactical ballistic missiles.

Chu-SAM surface to air missiles

Japanese Ground Self-Defense Forces from 1989 began the preliminary research that has advanced to the level of anti-missile type air missiles. It can deal with tactical ballistic missiles, cruise missiles can be intercepted, ground missiles and combat aircraft.

Chu-SAM launchers and vertical guidance of advanced composite structure, line of sight outside the firing, with good anti-interference capability and high optical mobility. According to the analysis, Chu-SAM missile may absorb a comprehensive self-developed variant of Japan, “81-type short-Sam” and “Caicos 91-type” surface to air missiles, advanced guidance technology, the active radar and imaging (dual-band visible and infrared imageable) to find dual-mode seeker, mid-flight using directional command guidance, and has a digital map the target orbit prediction capabilities. Imaging radar seeker to find and combine the use of such a parallel dual touch-guided technology, which enables incoming targets difficult to escape interference by tracking the release, and even in adverse weather conditions can also be operational. This intercept theater ballistic missiles with decoys is very beneficial.

2002 is expected to form such a missile combat a range of 3O, 40 km, shooting high 16 km, the maximum flight speed of Mach 2.5, can be used for low-level missile defense operations, to replace the active variant “Huo grams. ”

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