Military of China, force comment.
Military of China, force comment.

S- 300 air defense system, missile launch

2001 年 6 January, Russian troops set up a new branch – space force, which is seen as a sign of the establishment of the Russian space forces.

Russian military believes that the future high-tech war first started from space, space supremacy is the air and sea to win a prerequisite.

In fact, as early as during the Cold War, the Soviet Union and the United States catch in space, to develop military space operations and space weapons. But the Soviet Union to the sky and space, leading to a sudden stop or even reverse high-speed train line, until the establishment of Russian military space force, it has to restart.

10 years after the December 1, 2011, Russian soldiers in the space based on the combined Air Force air and space defense, strategic and operational headquarters, and the formation of air and space defense troops, and further promote the big empty integration.

the past 10 years, the Russian space forces to add a little horsepower, 10 years to catch up. Russian armed forces day armed forces has become the youngest and fastest growing branches of the military.

repeated Russia’s space forces in the twists and turns in the development

the 1990s after the disintegration of the Soviet Union, Russian air and space defense capabilities plummet. Radar units at 60% staffing reduction, the total number of units reduced by 80%, the target of 1,000 meters below the low-altitude reconnaissance capacity decreased by 50%. This is not to force both the national economic factors, but also the reform of the system caused by reasons, but mostly with the Russian government or high-level strategic misjudgments about.

Russia was first established, to pursue pro-Western policy that no longer exists any threat from the West, from the United States and NATO have “cold enemy” into a “honey Friends.”

loss of strategic rivals, the Russian building lost its way, fully developed by the senior military leadership preference decision, especially Sergeyev as defense minister during the limited military use in 80% of strategic nuclear forces in the building.

This also led to the armed forces of the Russian high-level adjustment for lack of a rational, unified long-term planning. In November 1997, Russia’s former military space forces directly under the Ministry of Defense and the Air Force’s original anti-missile space defense troops into the Strategic Rocket Forces. The following year, the original Air Force and Air Defense Force merged to form the new Air Force. This is the main cause of air and space defense forces – the missile and space defense forces were falling anti-aircraft and air force strategic rocket forces, among the two services, the development of serious shackles.

development in the Russian military in a confused period, in 1999 realization of the first round of NATO enlargement, and to make pre-emptive “new strategic concept”, then bypass the United Nations launched the war in Kosovo, Russia’s strategic space and squeezed the traditional sphere of influence.

Putin came to power, the national security situation was calm reflection. January 2000 and April, Russia has issued new “national security concept of the Russian Federation” and “Russian Federation Military Doctrine,” an end to the wishful thinking of the West, “unrequited love”, an objective the United States and NATO as a major potential enemies and strategic rivals. At the same time establish the “balanced development” of the new Army policy.

to save the national air and space defense capabilities, in June 2001, the Russian military space forces and missile space defense troops from the strategic rocket forces, he also separated from the formation of space force. After several twists and turns again, the Russian space forces finally independent portal.

into the 21st century, the United States clearly seek absolute military superiority “absolute security” defense strategy, “9.11″ more aware of the U.S. anti-missile air defense early warning system of critical importance. In December 2001, the U.S. announced its withdrawal from the ABM Treaty, the establishment of a national missile defense system. After several years, the United States deliberately in Russia’s backyard in Poland and the Czech Republic to deploy interceptor missiles, to establish anti-missile early warning radar base. This makes the painstaking efforts of Russia “see Jiabao” – greatly reduced the effectiveness of long-range intercontinental ballistic missiles.

the United States in their efforts to create a defensive “shield” while also developing and deploying a new generation of air and space attack “sword”, such as X-37 hypersonic space plane and so on. According to the Russian Air Force Commander Zelin judge, in 2030 the United States will have on a global scale, at any time any targets inside Russia, high-precision strike capability.

pressing harder and harder to face the United States, Russian military experts believe that in future wars, space combat will become more prominent position. Kosovo war also proved that the integration of space has become a strategic attack on the United States and NATO in the future most likely to use early in the war of invasion style. If the area of ??Russia in the space confrontation missed, nuclear strike and facing the threat of large-scale ground invasion will increase. Therefore, in Russia for the restoration of a unified air and space defense system has been rising continuously.

2010 In December, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev ordered the establishment of air and space defense troops. A year later, the branches of the military announced the formation of completed and put into combat duty. The establishment of air and space defense troops, marking the construction of the Russian space defense system integration into the empty big new stage.

constitute the five days of military systems

development to keep the forces of good attack, and weapons, the Russian space forces against the U.S. space hegemony, to respond to future threats of war an important measure. Russia currently has a two-day military headquarters, the Space Command and Air Defense anti-missile Defense Command, which includes the preparation of five systems:

one spaceport. Currently there are three Russian Space Force space launch site. Which bear the main task of launching the “Baikonur” cosmodrome in Kazakhstan from Russia to lease. The other two are “Plesetsk” The first test launch national space, “Svobodny” Second National Space test launch site.

2010, the Russian Defense Ministry decided to focus on reform “Svobodny” launch, scheduled for 2015 based on the completion of its “Eastern” civilian space launch, the budget funds for the 400 billion rubles. After the completion of the launch site, the main Russian space forces from Kazakhstan, the space launch activities, the “Baikonur” cosmodrome moved to here.

two spacecraft in orbit. As of August 2002, Russia in orbit 91 spacecraft, which has 13 dual-use spacecraft, there are 42 military spacecraft. In recent years, the number is increasing spacecraft, spacecraft in orbit in 2003 to 97 in 2010, there are three military spacecraft into orbit.

the next few years, Russia’s space forces plan to launch the Earth remote detection, communications, navigation, mapping spacecraft. Russia is the special nature of the cluster orbit, most of the spacecraft has a dual nature, in times of peace they are rarely used for military purposes in the event of military crisis, they are controlled by the Ministry of Defence.

Third, the missile attack warning system. Russian missile attack warning system from the ground-range early warning radar early warning satellites and space of two parts. At present, Russia a total of 12 large-range early warning radar station, within the eight countries outside the CIS 4. Fan of the radar work to form a closed ring as the center of Moscow, covering all the missiles struck the Russian direction. Currently, the Russian space forces in the territory to accelerate deployment of the “Voronezh-DM” new radar station as early as possible to get rid of dependence on foreign radar.

missile attack warning system in space echelon by the “eyes” and “predict” composed of two satellite systems, due to a serious shortage of the satellite network is currently only meet the minimum requirements for Russia’s missile warning. Among them, the “eyes” early warning satellite system is mainly used to monitor the strategic missile base in the United States, at least four satellites, only three are now in orbit. “Predict” early warning satellite system is mainly used to detect ballistic missile launches outside the U.S., especially from the ocean on the launch of the submarine-launched ballistic missiles, only two in-orbit, and the full series of seven satellites.

Fourth, the anti-missile system. Russia’s space forces of the anti-missile system consists of non-strategic anti-missile systems and strategic anti-missile system components. Currently, the strategic missile defense system is deployed in the main zone of the A-135 Moscow ABM system, equipped with two types of anti-ballistic missile, which “rubber overshoes” SH-11 missile, used to intercept intercontinental ballistic missiles outside the atmosphere and low-orbit satellites; “gazelle” SH-08 missiles, nuclear warheads for the interception into the atmosphere, the two complement each other.

basic non-strategic missile defense system by the S-300, S-400 missile system, and Aetna -2500 missile system, and is used in high-altitude interceptor. In addition, the Russian space forces plan to start mass production in 2014 both from the air defense, missile defense and anti-satellite capabilities of the S-500 air defense missile system, which addresses 40 to 50 km altitude near-space defense mission.

five, space surveillance systems. Russian Space Surveillance System with missile attack warning systems, missile systems and anti-satellite system as a whole simultaneously developed. In 1968, the Soviet Union was in Irkutsk and Balkhash use the “Dniester” long-range early warning radar to monitor the establishment of two space station. Because precision is not enough, later in the North Caucasus and the Far East to establish a dedicated “crown” on the day of surveillance radar systems in Tajikistan established a “window” optical observation system. At present, the “crown” system for tracking and monitoring of low-orbit space goals, the “window” system is mainly used to detect high-orbit targets.

opponents focus on the development to offset the advantages of air and space combat weapons

Russian Space Force since its inception, has been pursuing first space force commander Pell minoxidil Cardiff will make the defensive military strategy. In 2004 and 2008 served as commander of the Russian space force will also put forward Popovkin, “Our mission is to defeat the enemy. We do not aspire to any person space combat, but we are not allowed in there who calling the shots. “

Russian military believes that the current terms of economic strength or military power, they can not compete with the United States, so they should abandon the idea of ??the previous building, turn to” asymmetric “quality army of Road.

weapons in the development of air and space operations, the Russian claim is not dance music with the power, the overall weakness in the case, identify the opponents ‘weakness’, focusing on the development to offset the advantage of opponents ‘trump card’ air and space combat weapons, the most inexpensive and reliable means of “key breakthrough” in order to achieve “skillfully deflected the question” effect.

this end, on the one hand, the Russian military space powers of the United States and other key promotional items for follow-up study, that the Western countries in the development of air and space attack weapons in a major scientific research and experimental design work to achieve: superb the speed of sound, air and space unity, and from the air and space between the use not previously made use of from 30 to 40 km to 100 ~ 120 km altitude segment.

the other hand, based on the legacy of technological superiority, the Soviet Union developed mature or space warfare weapons to be upgraded as a breakthrough, the focus of research and development. For example, the X Series for U.S. 13 and other future hypersonic aircraft attacked weapons development, the Russian Space Force is developing nuclear weapons can be equipped with a variety of spacecraft. U.S. missile defense system in Europe and development of space-based weapons systems a real threat, focusing on the development of kinetic energy anti-satellite weapons, laser anti-satellite weapons to deal with.

“ATC Heaven” and “Heaven jurisdiction empty” battle

Russian space forces of the growth process repeated setbacks, in fact, this is entirely by the Russian Military leaders do not understand the line leading out of trouble making reforms. Back in the 1960s, the Soviet Union on the integration of air and space have a full understanding of the construction of missile attack early warning and space surveillance systems, will be included in the framework of homeland defense. However, subsequent trial and error type of reform that unified air and space defense system destroyed. In recent years, the Russian military has determined to re-integration, around a large circle, back to square one.

Russian, in theory, the integration of air and space defense issues has no difference, but how to rebuild, but there are different views on. The original anti-aircraft (the Soviet Union established in 1958 by the interceptor force, surface to air missile radar units composed of military and strategic military services, the Air Force in 1998 was re-classified) who represented the Air Force to resume defense, the Air Force’s homeland defense power and space force of the missile space defense force re-integration back. This approach is bound to break the current three military services (Army, Navy, Air Force) 3 arm (strategic rocket forces, space force, airborne) framework, the pattern of benefits to both the serious impact, it was not adopted.

and Air Force were in favor of the Air Force, based on incorporation of space force, the establishment of “air traffic control days” type of air and space defense system. Russian General Staff will adhere to the space-based soldiers to take over the Air Force’s air-defense forces, to establish a “day of jurisdiction empty” space-based defense system. After a debate, and finally, “Heaven jurisdiction empty” space-based defense system to win.

establishment of a “day of jurisdiction empty” space-based defense system, the advantage is to organize a small shock, but this model there are some problems: such as the space force air force combat command experience is not rich; radar units assigned to empty How do space defense system to provide combat air force intelligence support; air and space defense systems, the Air Force is led start to start, and soldiers took over the space of air and space defense systems in the building need to accumulate experience from scratch.

In addition, the integration of air and space defense troops set up, currently only incorporates the former Air Force air and space defense, strategic and operational command of the air defense missile units and radar units, the Air Force Command of other air defense forces and air defense missiles radar units have not yet merged into one. That is, at present only the capital of Russian anti-air defense forces into the days of air and space defense troops, other territorial defense forces still also retained unchanged. With the construction of air and space defense system process moves forward, the Air Force and other air defense forces will merge into the military establishment in the day, remains to be seen.

Although there are still many problems, but the Russian army on the day of the status and importance have a clear understanding, a clear development strategy, increasing military spending, after 10 years of construction, space forces are gradually becoming the rise of the former power, winning the next war to win the right to “hero.” (Zhao Chunying Author: air force unit)

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