Military of China, force comment.
Military of China, force comment.

Jacques -36 VTOL aircraft, long relatively ugly.
Jacques -36 … very positive … “visual impact”
Jacques -38, -36 Biya Ke advanced some
aircraft carrier deck, Jacques -38

September 2, 1968, the Soviet government passed a resolution, approved by the Ministry of Defense and the shipbuilding industry to stop construction of a third ship in the Black Sea shipyard, “Moscow” class anti-submarine cruiser (11233 type) and anti-submarine cruiser built 1143 (1977 classification as a heavy-duty machine cruiser) recommendations. Also approved the main elements of the latter :20-22 card, Jacques-36М -25 helicopters and VTOL aircraft (any combination), a set of “whirlwind” anti-submarine missile system, two РБУ-6000 launch artillery rocket bombs, 2 Block 533mm torpedo launchers, eight sets of П-15М anti-ship missile system, two sets of “Storm” Universal air defense missile systems, two sets of “Wasp” air defense missile systems, two АК-726-type 76mm gun, 8-10 АК -630 type 30mm gun. Maximum speed of not less than 27, life 7000-8000 nautical miles, the standard displacement of 20000-25000 tons. Commissioned by the Department of Defense tactical and technical issues within one month, Shipbuilding Industry in 1968 to complete the sketch design (Nevsky Design Bureau), 1969 to complete the technical design, to ensure that the Black Sea shipyard and in 1973 started on time delivery. October 16, 1968, the General Command of the Navy approved the 1143 anti-submarine cruiser design tactical and technical issues, but the longer range “single rock” anti-ship missile system replaced the П-15М. January 25, 1969, the General Command of the Navy approved the Jacques-36М light attack aircraft carrier-based tactical and technical requirements.

code-named “Falcon spear” of the 1143 draft ship design type 3-4 in 1969, the Ministry of Industry and the Navy shipbuilding period considered and adopted. Displacement of 25,000 tons of the first program as the basis for the program. However, according to the process of consideration of additional proposals received, the program has been modified, including: the more powerful of the “basalt” anti-ship missile system instead of “single-rock”, the radio communication system integration, displacement increased to 28,000 tons ( later increased to 29,000 tons).

ship equipped as a cruiser and not commonly used in a variety of inherent carrier missiles, artillery and anti-submarine weapons, so it looks like a “half-breed.” Ship-based weapons deployed in front of the upper deck (similar to the “Moscow” class), different from the carrier aircraft flight deck layout ship: take-off zone coincides with the landing area. Flight deck landing field size can be set to seven, ready to fly right into 10 parts. And the 1123 anti-submarine cruiser different, “Orion” installed in the bow sonar bulge fairing. Four-axis active boiler turbine power plant to be installed in two machines furnace chamber (each cabin four main boilers and two geared turbines host). Boiler-turbine power station is located next door to power the cabin compartment. Power plant components, generators, main distribution board the same ship with the 1123 model.

Nevsky Design Bureau in a very short period of time out of the 1143-based technology solutions, and submitted for approval at the end of 1969. April 30, 1970, approved by Ministry of the Navy and the shipbuilding program, the same year the first ship on July 21, “Kiev” in the Black Sea shipyard started construction, В.Н. Korca Kim was appointed as its general construction division . December 26, 1972, “Kiev” anti-submarine cruiser into the water, the same day, the Black Sea fleet at the same level shipyard began construction of a second ship – “Minsk” was. October 1974 to April 1975, “Kiev” was moored test, in April 1975 to August for the factory navigation test, in August 2000 to December national test.

in the design of anti-submarine cruiser at the same time, Jacques-36М aircraft development is also under way. Moscow “speed” mechanical factory was completed in March 1970, aircraft design and model making sketches. April 01, Jacques-36М made test prototype, in the following year’s time they made 02 and 03 machines. The end of 1970 began to plant trial, February 25, 1972, test pilot М. С. Deckers Bach driving 02 aircraft completed the first “vertical take-off – the level flight – vertical landing” of the whole flight profile. Black Sea Shipyard in 1972 assembly, including flight deck and below the hull section. To determine the aircraft engine jet on the deck of the dynamic and thermal effects, and determination of the deck under the cabin interior noise levels, Jacques-36М test carried out on the deck. Aviation Industry All-Union Institute of Aeronautical Materials developed based on test results АК-9Ф deck thermal protection layer, then all four ships of the class are using this thermal protection layer.

Jacques-36М sea flight test of 费奥多西斯克 Bay in the Black Sea, the Navy to allocate the “Moscow” anti-submarine cruiser. November 18, 1972, Dexter Bach driving prototype completed 02 vertical landing on the ship trial, after four days, to complete a full set of flight test. Then began to exercise in anti-submarine cruisers sailing in the land.

1973, the Jacques-36М put into mass production. The first three the following year in Saratov aircraft factory assembled. May 18, 1975, in Anchorage 塞瓦斯托波 Er Beier Buick factory test process, 2 Jacques-36М completed the first in the “Kiev” heavy-duty machine landed on the cruiser (Gromov flight test research The test pilot О. Г. Kono driving high-volume annual Division, Air Force test pilot В.П. 霍米亚科夫 Science Institute driving test prototype). November 8, 1975, Dexter Bach Jacques-36М driving the whole section with the ship to complete the flight.

first deputy commander of the Northern Fleet will Е.И. 沃洛布耶夫 under the leadership of the State Government Committee for acceptance. Vice-Chairman for the 1143 anti-submarine cruiser chief А. В. Marin Nicky and Moscow “speed” machine factory, deputy chief designer of К.Б. other Kiel Nazarbayev. Black Sea shipyard delivery person responsible of the total construction division И. И. Wernicke. December 28, 1975, the “Kiev” anti-submarine cruiser and its carrier aircraft the end of the first phase of national acceptance. July 1976 to August, “Kiev” to bring five and a Yak-36М Jacques-36МУ (trainer), bypass the European voyage to the station in the Northern Fleet. Pilot during the voyage completed 45 flights. August 1976 to December, the Northern Fleet on the ship for the second phase of the national acceptance – “basalt” anti-ship missile system testing, integrated testing of radio electronic equipment, aircraft, formation flying and navigation test. Acceptance on 3 December 1976 end.

1977 February, “Kiev,” the official anti-submarine cruiser fitted out in the former Soviet Navy, and as the Northern Fleet’s flagship. In August, Jacques-36М VTOL aircraft fitted out in the Navy and renumbered Yak-38M. It became the world’s first practical VTOL aircraft. Before the end of 1977, the “Kiev” was the first heavy-duty machine cruiser has 34 carrier-based naval attack aircraft pilot group. 1977-1982, “Kiev” on duty several times in the Atlantic and the Mediterranean. From December 15, 1978 to March 28, 1979 voyage of Jacques -38 Total fly 355 sorties. 1982-1984, the ship was in the Black Sea shipyard repair. Since 1985 outstanding performance in combat training, red flag and won the medal. The voyage activities until the end of 1991.

“Minsk” was heavy-duty machine cruiser on September 30, 1975 was launched, three years later, formally joined the former Soviet Navy. In November 1978, column compiled the Pacific Fleet. February 1979 to July, around the African continent from Sevastopol to Vladivostok voyage, en route to Luanda, Angola, Mozambique Manu Ta and Port Louis in Mauritius for a visit. Voyage, the aircraft in tropical environmental conditions encountered power plant power dropped, the question blank time. Then roll off the short-range solution to this problem, short takeoff roll method was later also widely. In December 1982, “Minsk” was on duty during the visit to India, Mumbai, Hong Kong, July 1986 visit to North Korea’s Wonsan port.

Ustinov’s death (1984) and leave Gorshkov (1985), because of the tactics is not strong, Jacques -38 Navy aircraft gradually lost interest. From 1987 to stop the mass production in 1991, to reserve and gradually destroyed.

“Kiev” and “Minsk” was Zhubo conditions of the coast by the Navy and underdeveloped infrastructure are not met, which leads to the accelerated aging. From the beginning in early 1991, “Minsk” was ready to start voyage to Nikolayev to an emergency in the Black Sea shipyard repair. However, the ensuing political turmoil and the sharp drop in funding so that the Navy did not make the trip. Lack of funds due to the use and maintenance, weapons and equipment life a lot of loss in 1993, two ships of the Russian government decided to dismantle the weapons and equipment will be decommissioned and demolished their selling. August 1994, the flag-lowering ceremony was held after the two brothers went their separate ways. “Kiev” by the ship-breaking companies in Tianjin, China Tianma purchase, September 15, 2003 arrived at Tianjin Port, after being transformed into playgrounds, amusement always parked at the international port of Tianjin. The end of 1995, “Minsk” was towed to South Korea as a scrap metal recycling, after 1998, was removed to Shenzhen, China, refurbished after being converted into a “Minsk” carrier military theme park, and in the past, “October” on the eve of the official opening of the Shenzhen Dapeng Bay. (Author; А.Б. Moline, compile: Zhiyuan/Kim Tao)

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